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Habitat suitability mapping for grassland species: The importance of propagule source and grazing activity for potential grassland colonization of restored habitat patches in a cultural reserve
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7354-0575
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0807-9943
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Physical Geography. Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2656-2645
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Context Effective restoration of habitats requires that environmental conditions, propagule sources and active management all co-occur. Identifying the extent to which these different factors co-exist can support post-restoration actions and pin-point possible locations for colonization by plant species (i.e. restoration outcomes) at a landscape scale.

Objectives We used a 400-ha landscape undergoing habitat restoration to identify the likely effects of restoration in relation to establishment of grassland plant communities.

Methods We used combined environmental spatial data for variables which are key for plant species occurrence (vegetation structure, soil moisture, slope range) with observational layers of spatial and functional connectivity (proximity to propagule source and livestock activity in the landscape) to classify the restored sites according to their potential to support target species of the restoration. Using 320 plant inventory plots (1 × 1 m) distributed over the area, we tested the relationship between suitability categories and aspects of plant community composition.

Results We found that the interaction between vegetation structure, topography, location of propagule source in the landscape and livestock activity described the plant community composition and the maps identified locations that have a high suitability for grassland specialist species to occur. By adding proximity to propagule sources and activity of grazing animals increased the likelihood for grassland communities to colonize and was better to predict the differences among the suitability values within the species composition.

Conclusion Applying suitability maps by using available layers in restoration efforts can be useful tool for locating candidate site and planning post-restoration management actions.This would allow prioritizing certain locations where restoration could be most effective, for instance by steering the grazing regime to enhance the colonization of target species.

Keywords [en]
connectivity, habitat suitability map, geographical information system, grazing livestock, GPS tracking, grassland restoration
National Category
Ecology Other Earth Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-220135OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-220135DiVA, id: diva2:1790233
Available from: 2023-08-22 Created: 2023-08-22 Last updated: 2025-02-01
In thesis
1. Grassland restoration: Connectivity, plant community change and cows
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Grassland restoration: Connectivity, plant community change and cows
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The ecological significance of semi-natural grasslands is high because these habitats provide a home for a diverse flora and fauna and support a range of associated ecosystem services. Due to large-scale land-use changes the extent of grassland habitat has declined. Hence, restoration efforts to mitigate grassland losses are now being prioritized across the globe and there is an increasing need to understand the drivers behind the recovery of degraded habitats. Since many restoration initiatives rely on spontaneous dispersal of plant species from sources at both local- and landscape-scales, community assembly is influenced by a range of factors which interact both over time and across spatial scales. Given this complexity over the scales, gaps remain in our understanding of how post-restoration management can be designed to facilitate the effective dispersal and establishment of target species in restored grasslands.

In this thesis, I examined colonization patterns in Swedish grasslands by comparing plant communities in both ancient and restored grasslands and under contrasting management regimes. At small spatial scales and over the short-term following restoration, I investigated species recruitment sources and their relative contribution to colonization and regeneration. At larger temporal and spatial scales, I examined how the composition of vegetation and seed bank communities is determined by local environmental factors together with distance to species pool and presence of grazing livestock.

I found that species mostly colonized spatially from local species sources through seed rain. The seed bank contributed to species colonization to a greater extent in ancient grasslands than in restored grasslands. Management through livestock grazing and shorter distance to species pool were positively associated with the number of species found in grasslands. Grazing livestock facilitated target species establishment into restored sites and the differences between ancient and restored grassland communities were smaller when grazing was active, highlighting that ancient sites can provide a source of colonizing species for restored sites. I found that plant species associated with former land-use declined immediately following restoration, while the occurrence of target species generally increased. However, there was a high initial stochasticity in the establishment of the target species and communities in restored grasslands were still distinct from continuously managed sites even after several decades.

These results demonstrate that species presence in nearby ancient grasslands and potential dispersal from the local seed sources drives species colonization in restored and ancient grasslands. Livestock grazing was shown to be an important driver of grassland recovery, either by mediating spatial dispersal of seeds or improving site conditions for establishment. Target species are able to accumulate in the vegetation and seed bank over the long-term, as restored grasslands age. This accumulation will ensure an increasing resilience of grassland communities against future disturbances or changes in the climate. However this depends upon active management, for example by implementing management plans which include continued livestock grazing, and upon conserving remaining ancient grasslands as hotspots for biodiversity within the wider landscape.

Abstract [sv]

Naturbetesmarker är gräsmarker som sedan länge brukats traditionellt av människan och som idag uppvisar hög biologisk mångfald och genererar många viktiga ekosystemtjänster. För att motverka det senaste århundradets förändringar i jordbrukslandskapet t.ex. uppodling, gödsling eller övergivande av ängar och hagar, har restaurering av naturbetesmarker blivit en viktig bevarandeåtgärd. För att lyckas med restaurering av floran, behöver växternas frön kunna sprida och etablera sig, antingen från andra platser i landskapet eller från frön begravda i jorden, en så kallad fröbank. För att möta det omfattande restaureringsbehovet och för att bevara mångfalden i naturbetesmarkerna behövs mer kunskap om hur olika faktorer samt effekten av skötselmetoden påverkar fröspridningen och etableringen av gräsmarskarter i restaurerade naturbetesmarker. I denna avhandling undersöker jag hur växtsamhällets sammansättning och hur omgivande gräsmarker och geografi påverkar kolonisering av växter i kombination med effekten av betesdjur i landskapet. Jag studerar detta genom fältexperiment av fröspridning både i tid (frön i jorden) och rum (landskapet), och genom inventering av växter i både kontinuerligt skötta naturbetesmarker och restaurerad marker av olika ålder. Experimenten visar att fröspridning kan vara viktig i uppbyggnaden av växtsamhällen i både kontinuerligt skötta naturbetesmarker och restaurerade marker. Däremot bidrar gräsmarkarternas fröbank bara till etablering i kontinuerligt skötta naturbetesmarker och inte i nyligen restaurerade gräsmarker. Jag fann också att gräsmarksarter i det omgivande landskapet sprider sig till restaurerade marker samt att växtsamhället i betade restaurerade gräsmarker har förmåga att utvecklas till liknande artsammansättning som i kontinuerligt skötta naturbetesmarker. Det tar dock lång tid och det finns en stor variation i etablering av olika växter. Mina resultat visar även att stora avstånd mellan kontinuerligt skötta naturbetesmarker och restaurerade gräsmarker leder till sämre etablering av växter. Finns det däremot betesdjur som rör sig i landskapet, kan fler växtarter återetablera sig. Därför är det viktig att nyligen restaurerade gräsmarker är belägna i landskap med många kontinuerligt skötta naturbetesmarker runt omkring, så att en större artpool av gräsmarksarter kan påskynda växternas återetablering. Betesdjur i landskapet är det effektivaste sättet för frön att sprida sig samtidigt som djuren hjälper till att hålla marken öppen, vilket underlättar för etablering av nya växter och öka den biologiska mångfalden. Sammanfattningsvis visar mina studier att för att gynna artrikedomen i landskapet behövs en aktiv och långsiktig hävd både i restaurerade marker och i artrika naturbetesmarker, vilka då kan fungera som värdekärnor för biologisk mångfald.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 2023. p. 46
Series
Dissertations in Physical Geography, ISSN 2003-2358 ; 30
Keywords
biodiversity, colonization, connectivity, dispersal, distance to species pool, diversity, grassland restoration, grassland specialist species, grazing livestock, habitat availability, plant community composition, restoration, semi-natural grassland, species richness
National Category
Ecology Physical Geography Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use
Research subject
Physical Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-220181 (URN)978-91-8014-468-1 (ISBN)978-91-8014-469-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-06, De Geersalen, Geovetenskapens hus, Svante Arrhenius väg 14 and online via Zoom https://stockholmuniversity.zoom.us/j/68525292086, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2023-09-13 Created: 2023-08-23 Last updated: 2023-09-11Bibliographically approved

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Kapás, Rozália E.Kimberley, AdamCousins, Sara

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