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Measuring Loyalty: Developing a Scale for a Swedish Military Context
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Work and organizational psychology. Försvarshögskolan.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6836-7261
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Personality, Social and Developmental Psychology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8867-5752
Stockholm University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology, Work and organizational psychology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7214-9486
(English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Abstract [en]

There is a lack of psychometric scales for measuring the levels and directions of loyalty within a military setting. The aim of the present study was to contribute to a further understanding of the concept of loyalty within the military context. For this reason, a scale measuring loyalty towards five different domains – own values, one’s family, the workgroup, the mission, and the nation – within a military context was developed. A total of 14 items, designed to reflect loyal sacrifice and loyal action, were developed and tested using three independent samples from the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF). The results of exploratory factor analyses suggested a 10-item scale. The 10 items were best accounted for by a four-dimensional model with two loyal sacrificial dimensions (moderate and extreme sacrifice, respectively) and two loyal action dimensions (moderate and extreme action, respectively). The result of confirmatory factor analyses generally supported the four-factor representation. Invariance tests between the two confirmatory samples indicated configural invariance for all domains but one. The current study provides the first thoroughly developed and tested scale for measuring loyalty within a military context. The scale also enables identification of possible loyalty dilemmas that may arise in extreme operational environments.

Keywords [en]
Loyalty, Scale development, Multiple domains, Military, Swedish Armed Forces
National Category
Psychology
Research subject
Psychology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-225855OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-225855DiVA, id: diva2:1830854
Available from: 2024-01-24 Created: 2024-01-24 Last updated: 2024-01-29
In thesis
1. Loyal until death (?): The nature, measurement and predictors of loyalty in a military context
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Loyal until death (?): The nature, measurement and predictors of loyalty in a military context
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The overall aim of this thesis was to broaden the understanding of the concept of loyalty within a military context, by focusing on how the nature of loyalty is experienced, how it can be measured and how it can be predicted. To achieve this, the thesis was structured in three interrelated studies, which initially aimed to examine the content of loyalty within the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF), then to develop and validate a scale to measure loyalty, and finally to examine possible predictors of loyalty.

The aim of Study I was to examine how loyalty is experienced within the SAF. To achieve this, Study I examined how high-ranking officers – presumed to have a large influence on professional ethics within the SAF – gave meaning to their experiences of loyalty. The results showed that although the nature of loyalty in the military organization is based on a strong identification with the profession, loyalty is a multifaceted phenomenon which requires the individual to manage competing and sometimes counteracting domains (objects) of loyalty.

The aim of Study II was to develop a psychometric scale for measuring loyalty in a military context, based on the findings of Study I. Given the complex and varying nature of loyalty and dealing with different domains of loyalty in the military, the scale was developed to consider several domains for an individual’s loyalty (e.g., workgroup, mission, nation). Additionally, there was a focus on the overall nature of loyalty involving sacrifice and action to protect the domain of loyalty. To achieve this, three independent samples, consisting of military personnel (in training and on overseas mission), were invited to answer a questionnaire based on the results from Study I. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a scale measuring loyalty, denoted the Swedish Military Loyalty Scale (SMiLS). The SMiLS was found to consist of a four-dimensional representation of the willingness to act loyally. The dimensions are sectioned in loyal sacrifice and loyal action, further divided into moderate and extreme loyal sacrifice and loyal action, respectively.

The aim of Study III was to examine how individuals’ willingness to act loyally to certain domains (the closest workgroup, the unit, and the unit mission) can be predicted by social identity fusion and developmental leadership. To achieve this, a sample consisting of military personnel serving on an overseas mission in Mali, took part in a survey, using the SMiLS as the dependent variable. Demographic factors, such as rank and gender, were also examined, taking the outcome of loyalty into consideration. The results show that social identity mainly predicted the sacrificial dimensions of loyalty, while developmental leadership predicted all dimensions of loyalty for all domains.

In conclusion, the present thesis broadens the understanding of loyalty within a military context. It also contributes with a scale for measuring loyalty and identifies two predictors for loyalty. Further research should focus on a deepened understanding of loyalty within the military and in the context of total defense organizations, further validation of the SMiLS and the examination of additional possible predictors for loyalty.

Abstract [sv]

Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att bredda förståelsen för begreppet lojalitet inom en militär kontext. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka hur lojalitet upplevs, hur den kan mätas och hur den kan prediceras. Avhandlingen består av tre sammanhängande delstudier.

Syftet med Studie I var att undersöka hur lojalitet upplevs inom (den svenska) Försvarsmakten. I denna studie genomfördes intervjuer för att undersöka hur höga officerare på inflytelserika befattningar skapade mening av sina upplevelser av lojalitet inom yrket och inom organisationen. Resultaten av denna studie visade att lojalitet inom den militära organisationen kan grunda sig på en stark identifikation med yrket och att lojalitet är en mångfacetterad konstruktion som kräver att individen kan hantera olika lojaliteter, som ibland kan vara både konkurrerande och motverka varandra.

Syftet med Studie II var att, med utgångspunkt i resultaten från Studie I, utveckla en psykometriskt validerad skala för att mäta lojalitet i en militär kontext. Med tanke på lojalitetens komplexa och varierande natur, samt individens behov av att hantera flera olika lojalitetsobjekt samtidigt, utvecklades skalan för att kunna fungera för flera olika lojalitetsobjekt (t.ex. en arbetsgrupp, ett uppdrag, eller nationen Sverige). Utöver det undersöktes två aspekter av lojalitet; viljan till uppoffring och viljan till utåtriktat agerande till gagn för ett lojalitetsobjekt. I studien användes tre oberoende urval bestående av militär personal, där två bestod av officerare från en av Försvarshögskolans nivåhöjande kurser och det tredje var ett förband på utlandstjänstgöring i Mali. Deltagarna fick besvara en enkät baserat på resultaten från Studie I och tidigare forskning inom området. Resultatet av Studie II utvecklades till en skala för mätning av lojalitet, benämnd Swedish Military Loyalty Scale (SMiLS). SMiLS utgörs av en fyrdimensionell representation av lojalitet. Dimensionerna är indelade i moderat respektive extrem offervilja samt moderat respektive extrem vilja till utåtriktat agerande. 

Syftet med Studie III var att undersöka om individers vilja att agera lojalt gentemot vissa objekt (den närmaste arbetsgruppen, det egna förbandet, samt förbandets uppdrag) kan prediceras av social identitetsfusion och utvecklande ledarskap. Deltagare från ett militärt förband på utlandsuppdrag i Mali fick delta i en enkätundersökning baserad på SMiLS. Resultaten av Studie III visade att både social identitet och utvecklande ledarskap kunde predicera lojalitet.

Resultaten av denna avhandling bidrar till att vidga förståelsen för fenomenet lojalitet inom en militär organisation. Den vidgade förståelsen består av tre delar: en fördjupad beskrivning av lojalitetens natur inom den militära professionen och organisation, en fyrdimensionell modell av hur lojalitet kan mätas (SMiLS) samt kunskapen om att social identitetsfusion och utvecklande ledarskap är tydligt relaterade till lojalitet. Fortsatt forskning inom området bör fokusera på en fördjupad förståelse för lojalitet dels inom militären, dels inom ramen för totalförsvar. Vidare behövs ytterligare validering av mätskalan SMiLS samt en fortsatt undersökning av fler möjliga faktorer som kan predicera lojalitet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, 2024. p. 64
Keywords
loyalty, behavior, measurement, dimensionality, predictors, social identity fusion, leadership, IPA, factor analysis, Swedish Armed Forces, military, extreme environment, dilemma
National Category
Psychology (excluding Applied Psychology)
Research subject
Psychology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-225889 (URN)978-91-8014-653-1 (ISBN)978-91-8014-654-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-03-15, Hörsal 3, hus 2, Albano, Albanovägen 18, Stockholm, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-02-21 Created: 2024-01-29 Last updated: 2025-01-07Bibliographically approved

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