The chapter examines the nature of Islamic educational arrangements, showing some similarities and some differences throughout the approximately 40 countries where Muslims traditionally form majorities or important minorities. The similarities have to do with the features inherent in Islam: the idea of the Muslim community ('umma); Sharia law; and the widespread desire among Muslims to have their children trained in Islamic moral values and norms. The chapter discusses the differences between the Muslim countries, which are related mainly to colonial experiences, the relative power of Muslim interests in each country, the type of state and public education system, and the type and degree of involvement in globalisation processes. The chapter concludes that the permanent presence of Islam in Europe, North America, and Australia has become a reality today. The difference between the Islamic values and identity, on the one hand, and the predominant cultures and value systems of the host societies, on the other hand, has made governments in the North attempt to keep a balance between integration and preservation of culture of origin.