Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Impact of satellite orbital degradation on sampling of the Earth’s energy imbalance for radiation pressure measurements
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI).ORCID iD: 0009-0009-9043-5481
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9895-4053
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8016-1343
Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, Department of Meteorology . Stockholm University, Faculty of Science, The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1418-4077
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The Earth’s energy imbalance quantifies the accumulation of energy in the Earth system, and fundamentally represents the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation. This imbalance in radiation has significant effects on the Earth’s climate, and is one of the most important climate variables to measure and monitor. Variations in the radiation field can in principle be measured by satellite accelerometers, according to the varying radiation pressure on the satellite body. Previous satellite missions have demonstrated the conceptual feasibility of measuring the Earth’s energy imbalance with satellite accelerometers, but with uncertainties and biases that were much larger than those of radiometer measurements. Improvements in accelerometer performance over the latest decades make it worth revisiting the potential for this method. We simulate idealised acceleration-based radiation measurements from constellations of spherical satellites in low-Earth orbit without active orbital control, and investigate how these measurements could be used to determine the Earth’s energy imbalance. Our results indicate that at least 6 satellites are necessary to achieve a sampling uncertainty in the annual global Earth’s energy imbalance below 0.1 Wm−2, but that systematic effects of direct solar radiation are necessary to account for in post-processing methods, in order to mitigate biases. Furthermore, we find that changes in orbital parameters over time result in systematic biases for satellites in 90° orbits, so that constellations of multiple satellites gradually lose their complementarity, which would require periodical additional satellite launches to compensate for this. Alternatively, we show that the changes in 82° orbits are substantially more regular, and hence that such constellations are more resilient over many years. Regardless of the orbits that are chosen, the recovery method needs to account for the changes in orbital parameters over time, since these changes also affect the sampling characteristics. 

National Category
Climate Science
Research subject
Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:su:diva-245358OAI: oai:DiVA.org:su-245358DiVA, id: diva2:1987786
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2022-03262Swedish Research Council, 2022-06725Swedish National Space Board, 2022-00108Swedish National Space Board, 2024-00122EU, Horizon 2020, 820829EU, Horizon 2020, 101003470Available from: 2025-08-07 Created: 2025-08-07 Last updated: 2025-08-07
In thesis
1. The Earth's energy imbalance: Potential of observation from space and the impact of clouds
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Earth's energy imbalance: Potential of observation from space and the impact of clouds
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI) quantifies the difference between incoming and outgoing radiation for the Earth as a whole. The current positive EEI leads to an accumulation of energy that has a fundamental impact on the Earth’s climate, with severe effects such as increased global temperatures, rising sea level and higher frequencies of extreme events.

The EEI is thus a central quantity that is important to measure, but it is challenging to do so in practice because the imbalance is small relative to the incoming and outgoing fluxes. Current satellite missions to measure the EEI rely on overlap in time between satellite instruments and adjustment using ocean observations. These satellites will reach the end of their mission lifetime in the next decade, and even with the few follow-on missions that are planned, there is a risk that the continuity of long-term measurements may be broken. To remedy this situation, new satellite missions are under development, and it is relevant to quantify their potential and expected performance as part of the development process.

In terms of climate impacts, the expected long-term temperature change associated with the current positive EEI is constrained to a range of plausible temperature values, but the exact value is not known. The uncertainty in the estimated range is dominated by the uncertainty in the effect of clouds, specifically the value of the overall cloud feedback parameter. Current best estimates indicate that the cloud feedback parameter is positive, i.e. that clouds have a destabilising effect and thus lead to amplified temperature changes.

In this thesis, the EEI and Earth’s radiation balance are investigated from two complementary perspectives: how the imbalance can be measured from space with satellite instruments, and how the radiation balance is affected by clouds.

For the satellite perspective, we simulate measurements from satellites in various orbits and assess the resulting estimates of the EEI. We find that the choice of satellite orbit can have a significant impact on the sampling of the underlying imbalance, which influences the accuracy of the estimated EEI. In particular, orbits that pass directly over the poles achieve complete global coverage, but have systematic biases in how they sample the annual and diurnal cycles of the radiation. This can lead to large errors in the annual mean unless some correction method is used. Other orbits may have better sampling of the annual and diurnal cycles, but instead require some method to fill in missing data near the poles. All in all, we find that wide-field-of-view and accelerometer instruments can provide valuable measurements for future monitoring of the EEI, provided that appropriate orbits are chosen.

Concerning the effect of clouds, we investigate the cloud feedback by making clouds transparent in the MPI-ESM1.2 climate model. Despite the fact that the clouds have a destabilising direct effect, we find that they actually have a stabilising effect overall and thus decrease the climate sensitivity in this model. This is because indirect effects such as strengthening the stabilising lapse rate feedback and weakening the destabilising albedo feedback are ultimately stronger than the direct effect in this model.

Abstract [sv]

Jordens energiobalans beskriver skillnaden mellan inkommande och utgående strålning för Jorden som helhet. Den nuvarande positiva obalansen leder till en ansamling av energi som har en fundamental inverkan på Jordens klimat, vilket medför exempelvis ökande global medeltemperatur, stigande havsnivåer och mer vanligt förekommande extremhändelser.

Jordens energiobalans är därför en central storhet som är viktig att mäta, men det är svårt att göra det i praktiken då obalansen är liten i förhållande till den inkommande och utgående strålningen. Nuvarande satellitsystem för att mäta energiobalansen förlitar sig på överlappning i tid mellan satellitinstrument, och anpassningar med hjälp av havsobservationer. Dessa satelliter kommer att nå slutet av sin livstid inom det närmaste årtiondet, och även med de få fortsättningsprojekt som är planerade finns det risk att kontinuiteten i de långa mätserierna bryts. Nya satellitprojekt är under utveckling för att minska risken, och det är relevant att kvantifiera projektens potential och förväntade prestanda som en del av utvecklingsprocessen.

Vad gäller klimatpåverkan, så är den förväntade långsiktiga temperaturförändringen till följd av den nuvarande positiva energiobalansen begränsad till ett spann av tänkbara temperaturvärden, men det exakta värdet är inte känt. Osäkerheten i det uppskattade spannet domineras av osäkerheten i molneffekten, närmare bestämt i värdet på den totala återkopplingsparametern för moln. Nuvarande uppskattningar tyder på att molnåterkopplingsparametern är positiv, det vill säga att moln har en destabiliserande effekt och därmed leder till förstärkta temperaturförändringar.

I den här avhandlingen undersöks Jordens energiobalans och Jordens strålningsbalans ur två perspektiv: hur obalansen kan mätas från rymden med hjälp av satellitinstrument, och hur strålningsbalansen påverkas av moln.

För satellitperspektivet simulerar vi mätningar från satelliter i diverse omloppsbanor och utvärderar de resulterande uppskattningarna av energiobalansen. Valet av omloppsbana kan ha en stor inverkan på samplingen vid mätningar av den underliggande obalansen, vilket påverkar felet i den uppskattade globala obalansen. Det gäller särskilt att omloppsbanor som passerar direkt över polerna uppnår fullständig global täckning, men har systematiska urvalsfel gällande strålningens års- och dygnscykler. Detta leder till stora fel i det årliga medelvärdet om ingen korrektur tillämpas. Andra omloppsbanor kan uppnå bättre täckning av års- och dygnscyklerna, men kräver istället att uppskattningarna kompenseras för saknade data nära polerna. Sammantaget visar vi att vidvinkelinstrument och accelerometrar kan bidra med värdefulla mätningar för framtida långtidsbevakning av Jordens energiobalans, förutsatt att lämpliga satellitbanor utnyttjas.

För att undersöka hur strålningsbalansen påverkas av moln så analyserar vi molnåterkopplingen genom att göra moln transparenta i klimatmodellen MPI-ESM1.2. Trots att molnen har en destabiliserande direkt effekt, visar vi att de faktiskt har en stabiliserande nettoeffekt och därmed sänker modellens klimat känslighet. Detta beror på att molnens indirekta effekter, som att försvaga den destabiliserande albedoåterkopplingen, totalt sett är starkare än molnens direkta effekt i modellen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 2025. p. 58
National Category
Climate Science
Research subject
Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:su:diva-245355 (URN)978-91-8107-346-1 (ISBN)978-91-8107-347-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-22, Vivi Täckholmssalen (Q-salen), NPQ-huset, Svante Arrhenius väg 20, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
The European Space Agency (ESA), EE12Swedish National Space Board, 2024-00122
Available from: 2025-08-28 Created: 2025-08-07 Last updated: 2025-08-20Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Authority records

Hocking, ThomasMegner, LindaMauritsen, Thorsten

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Hocking, ThomasHakuba, MariaMegner, LindaMauritsen, Thorsten
By organisation
Department of Meteorology The Bolin Centre for Climate Research (together with KTH & SMHI)
Climate Science

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

urn-nbn

Altmetric score

urn-nbn
Total: 101 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf