Self-regulation is integral to human well-being. Previous research established associations between self-regulation and life outcomes, although mostly based on cross-sectional or longitudinal research with relatively short follow-up periods. We aimed to investigate associations between self-regulation during childhood and low education, psychiatric diagnosis, conviction for non-violent and violent crime, and premature mortality up to 50 years later. The sample consisted of boys born between 1943 and 1951 in Stockholm, Sweden, who were initially interviewed as part of the Clientele Study and followed up until they were 58–66 years of age as part of the Stockholm Life Course Project (N = 251). Our measure of self-regulation was indicated by five dimensions extracted from multiple sources and informants when study members were children. Information on life outcomes were extracted from Swedish national registry data available through 2009. Results from logistic regression and survival analyses showed that lower self-regulation during childhood was associated with a higher risk of conviction for non-violent and violent crime, receiving a psychiatric diagnosis and premature mortality up until late adulthood. Self-regulation was not associated with low education. Analyses were adjusted for intelligence and parental socioeconomic status. While based on a relatively small sample and measurement of self-regulation using data from the 1960s, our study supports the notion that self-regulation during childhood is central for well-being across the lifespan.