De arverettslige ugyldighetsgrunnenes vilkårsside har blitt viet mye oppmerksomhet. Virkningene av ugyldigheten har derimot tradisjonelt blitt nokså stemoderlig behandlet. Ved hjelp av den formuerettslige ugyldighetslæren i kombinasjon med de arverettslige rettskildefaktorene og de særlige hensyn om gjør seg gjeldende på arverettens område, søker forfatteren å gi en innføring i noen av de mest sentrale virkningsspørsmålene når det gjelder arverettslig ugyldighet. Fremstillingen tar utgangspunkt i arveloven av 2019, som trer i kraft 1. januar 2021, men knytter også an til den tidligere arveloven av 1972 og skifteloven av 1930.

The Swedish legal framework regarding accessibility is primarily based on the regulations regarding accessibility that can be found in the Planning and Building Act (PBL) and the Housing Adaptation Grant Act (HAGA). PBL imposes technical requirements with respect to all newly construction of buildings. According to PBL, the physical environment in the common areas of a building, indoors as well as outdoors, and in the separate apartments generally are to have good accessibility for persons with reduced mobility or ability to orientate.

PBL, however, does not provide any technical requirements with respect to older buildings. Since the majority of the multi-unit buildings in Sweden are over 40 years old, the technical requirements of PBL do not govern most residents Sweden, are not binding and therefore not enforceable. For example, it is not possible to require that the owner of an older building increase the general accessibility of the building to meet the standards as laid down in PBL.

The Swedish approach to achieve universal accessibility in the older part of the housing stock is based to a large extent on public grants and economic incentives, rather than imposing requirements on the owners of multi-unit buildings. HAGA aims at reducing financial obstacles and economically-based objections as to making accessibility adaptations. The grants cover adaptations that an applicant might need within the apartment. This can be, for example, handrails in a bathroom, adjustments needed to get in or around the building’s inside and/or outside common areas. Such can be, for example, the installment of an automatic entrance door, a ramp to enter an outside playground accessible only by steps, or the articulation of surfaces.

The public grant is a fundamental part of the Swedish approach and political policy with regard to universal accessibility. Together with the technical requirements for new buildings, the national aim of the political policy is to achieve the UN goals laid down in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), to create equality of opportunity and the possibility of full and effective participation and inclusion of disabled persons in society. Making independent living possible for as many persons with disabilities as possible is a fundamental part of achieving this aim.

The fundamental basis for this approach is generally perceived to be efficient. It has not been substantially questioned or debated. However, whether relying on economic incentives is an efficient approach and a sufficient measure to reduce the current issues of lack of accessibility in a vast majority of the housing stock and achieve the aim of universal accessibility can be questioned. A fundamental challenge with the Swedish approach is that it does not provide tenants or owners of apartments in older multi-unit buildings with any legal rights as to having the necessary adaptations and adjustment work done. The governmental grant is conditioned upon a formal written consent by the owner of the building allowing the applicant to make the adjustments in the building. If the owner of an older building declines a request from a tenant or a tenant owner as to making accessibility adjustments in or around the building, the tenant or tenant owner will not be able to receive any governmental grant and is not entitled to make the adjustments. The unwillingness of a building owner to make adjustments, or to allow adjustments to be made, even at the expense of the public, is a palpable issue in Sweden. The problem however is not perceived to be comprehensive. The fact that some owners do not give their consent to accessibility adjustments also is not considered a matter of substantial relevance for the possibility of achieving the general aim of enhancing the accessibility of the national housing stock. Above all, it has not been considered justified to interfere with the general principle of freedom of ownership to achieve this goal more quickly.

This project aims to discuss and analyse the Swedish approach to achieving universal accessibility in the older part of the multi-dwelling housing stock. Particularly, the possibility for persons living in multi-unit buildings organized as cooperative housing associations to  apply for public grants and be able to make necessary accessibility adjustments to the common areas of the building are examined. The purpose is to address and explore whether the Swedish approach to accessibility adaptations in the older part of the housing stock by public grants and economic incentives is an expedient and well-balanced measure for achieving the aim of universal accessibility. The current political and legal stances towards accessibility arguably heavily emphasize the protection of the property right of the building owner. This approach neglects recognizing accessibility as a human right and the necessity to balance this right against other rights and competing interests, such as the property rights of the building owner.

Business tenants in many countries are seen to be in need of tenant protection with respect to unfair lease terms and other exploitations by landlords. Small business tenants are particularly vulnerable at the end of a lease term. Harsh and oppressive behaviour by unscrupulous landlords demanding excessive rent increases or substantial one-off fee payments as conditions for renewing business leases has historically forced many tenants to submit to landlord demands even at the risk of business failure. The purpose of providing tenants with statutory protection at the end of a lease term primarily is to balance the bargaining powers of the parties. Providing tenants with such protection reduces their risks for economic losses, affecting the balance of the parties’ bargaining powers throughout the entire lease term. A comparative perspective is used here to explore the different legal approaches and solutions to business tenant protection at the end of a lease term as found in the United Kingdom (‘UK’), Sweden and Australia. The complexity of regulating and balancing the parties’ interests, rights and responsibilities at the end of a lease term in the diverse business tenancy market is examined and analysed. Whether it is possible, feasible or even desirable to legislate tenant protection that fits all interests and purposes is a main theme in this work. A form of tenant protection is sought that at the same time is efficient and flexible. It must be efficient enough to provide protection for tenants, such as the small barber shop on the street corner, and also flexible enough to allow tenants to negotiate at arm’s-length to create and formulate the lease that they want, for example, an international retail company holding a tenancy of large prime location premises.

This article explores how the ever-increasing demand for and rapid development of high-speed broadband have influenced the policy for compensation for compulsory grants of telecom rights in land in Sweden and the UK. The article assesses whether the compensation in Sweden and the UK is fair in relation to compensation for other necessary social infrastructures such as water and electricity, consideration for equivalent voluntary rights in land, general principles of expropriation law and the right to peaceful enjoyment of property according to Article 1 in the first Protocol of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR).

I denna artikel utreds hyresgästens rättigheter avseende deposition och ränta i förhållande till både hyresvärd och eventuella andra borgenärer, tredje män. Utgångspunkten för utredning och diskussion i artikeln är hur deposition i enlighet med hyresrättslig god sed bör hanteras – att deposition ska placeras på ett avskilt och räntebärande konto och hyresvärden ska redovisa uppburen ränta till hyresgästen. Den diskussion och utredning som förs i artikeln syftar huvudsakligen till att lyfta fram de problem och risker som framförallt hyresgäster som hyr av privata hyresvärdar ställs inför under rådande rättsläge – hyresgäster som antingen hyr någons privata bostad tillfälligt, eller som hyr ut en lägenhet eller ett småhus som ägs av en hyresvärd som inte bedriver uthyrning av bostäder i rörelseform.

Genom Högsta domstolens dom i Den svårtolkade uppsägningen har innebörden av 12 kap. 58 a § JB som behandlar hyresgästens uppsägning för villkorsändring givits en delvis ny tolkning och innebörd. I litteraturen och praxis har hittills antagits att kraven på hyresgästens uppsägning ska vara att de uppnår kraven för att ett bindande anbud ska anses föreligga. Efter Högsta domstolensdom ska kravet inte antas vara så pass högt ställt. Avsikten med domen får antas ha varit att bereda klarhet i frågan om graden av precision, det är åtminstone vad Högsta domstolen själv anför. Huruvida Högsta domstolen lyckats med denna föresats är dock tveksamt. Det Högsta domstolen har förmedlat klart är att kraven på precision och tydlighet vid uppsägning för villkorsändring är lägre ställt för hyresgäster än för hyresvärdar. Genom domen har det dock skapats nya oklarheter som framtida praxis förhoppningsvis kan bringa klarhet i. I artikeln redogörs för bakgrund och målets avgörande itingsrätt, hovrätt och Högsta domstolen. Därefter diskuteras hur domen och framförallt domskälen kan tolkas och förstås. Avslutningsvis ges några kommentarer om vad prejudikatets räckvidd kan antas vara.

This contribution explores the challenge that Sweden is facing and analyses the possibility of the State, under current institutional and legal frameworks, to impose obligations for real property owners to climate-proof existing buildings. The purpose is to describe the Swedish national policy approach and legal framework, and to discuss the extent to which the rules can be considered sufficient to reach both Sweden’s and the EU’s goals regarding energy efficiency of buildings. The contribution focuses on whether and to what extent the State has the authority to impose positive obligations to, for instance, install solar panels, change heating systems or improve energy efficiency through additional insulation.

Denna studie undersöker möjligheten att utveckla bogemenskaper till en ekonomiskt mer åtkomlig och socialt inkluderande boendeform för en bredare del av befolkningen i Sverige. Syftet är att bidra med ökad kunskap om hur de svenska förutsättningarna för att fler ska kunna bo i socialt hållbara bogemenskaper kan förbättras. Studien baseras på en systematisk litteraturöversikt och fokuserar på tre teman: potentiella initiativtagare, samarbetsaktörer och juridiska förutsättningar. Studien redovisas i denna rapport. Rapporten inleds med en redogörelse av bogemenskapers utveckling över tid i Sverige. Därefter ges en sammanställning av vilka hinder och potentiella lösningar för att utveckla boendeformen till en mer socialt och ekonomiskt hållbar boendeform som diskuterats i svenska rapporter, utredningar och forskningsprojekt. Utifrån den lösnings- och problembild som identifierats genom den svenska sammanställningen analyseras sedan frågorna utifrån hur de behandlats i europeisk samhällsvetenskaplig forskning, samt rättsvetenskaplig forskning i andra västerländska rättsordningar.

Att utveckla bogemenskaper är ett komplext och tidskrävande samarbete mellande framtida boende och mellan bogemenskapen och externa parter, till exempelkommunen, finansiella institutioner och andra bostadsaktörer. Att äga och förvaltafastigheter gemensamt passar inte helt in i de vanliga fastighetssystemen.Balansen i rättigheter och skyldigheter mellan boende och externa aktörer kanvariera. Komplexiteten och behovet av både finansiellt och socialt kapital kan ledatill att bostadsformen blir en möjlighet för ett fåtal som i regel redan har tillgångtill bostadsmarknaden. Den här studien fokuserar på frågorna: Skulle det kunna blien lösning för fler? Vad behövs i så fall? 

The Swedish legislation for residential tenancies has historically been closely tied to the idea of tenement rights, i.e. the idea of treating the home the tenant has established in the rented dwelling as a home worth preserving. Ideas of tenement rights derive from the social rights movements in the first half of the last century. The case law from the ECtHR has developed a tenure protection within the human rights paradigm. The protection is considered to be an inherent part of the right to respect for home, proclaimed in Art. 8 ECHR.

Unlike the tenure protection prescribed by Ch. 12 in the Land Code, the tenure protection from the human rights paradigm in Swedish tenancy law provides protection to a wider circle of residents as it departs from the need to protect the individual and his/her attachment to the home. Most importantly, the establishment of the protected position is not conditioned by attaining the privileged position of being a contractual partner.

The presentation will discuss common grounds and areas of divergence between the two simultaneously applicable paradigms, as well as challenges to the Swedish rental market.

Här analyseras juridiska personers inträdesmöjligheter i en hyresgästbildad bostadsrättsförening med beaktande av ombildningsprocessen. Förvärvsmöjligheter avseende både bostadslägenheter och lokaler analyseras enligt gällande bostadsrättslag.

Hyresgäster åberopar EKMR Art. 8 om rätt till respekt för hemmet som grund mot uppsägning i ökad omfattning vid förlängningstvister. Den rättsliga prövningen har hittills hanterat det konventionsrättsliga besittningsskyddet som en del av hyreslagens skälighetsbedömning. Metodens konventionskompatibilitet kan ifrågasättas med anledning av Europadomstolens utvecklade principer om det konventionsrättsliga besittningsskyddet. Kärnan i det konventionsrättsliga besittningsskyddet är de rättssäkerhetsgarantier som en självständig tillåtlighetsprövning medger. Hur den systematiska, självständiga prövningen har utförts av Europadomstolen gås igenom i artikeln och kontrasteras med rådande hanteringsmodell i de hyresrättsliga forumen.

The Swedish landlord and tenant law legislation is an interaction between the collective bargaining system and the mandatory provisions in the Land Code of 1970. Almost the entire rental housing stock is included in the collective bargaining system. The most powerful player in the collective bargaining system is the Tenants’ Union. Its role is historically rooted in its close connection to the Social Democratic Party. The provisions in the Land Code are mandatory on the tenant’s behalf. Additionally, the regional Rent Tribunals play an important role in guarding the rights of the tenants. Tenants enjoy direct tenure security. A tenant who wants to remain in the tenancy agreement is generally entitled to prolongation despite the landlord’s termination of the agreement. Tenure security is guaranteed by the rent setting regulation. Therefore, tenants in Sweden enjoy extensive social protection. The legislations’ dependency on the collective bargaining system appears to have caused a weaker protection to tenants who have opted out of the system.

Tenants at risk of forfeiture of their residential tenancies pursuant to the provisions in the Land Code, have started to invoke the right to respect for their home that Article 8 of the ECHR provides. Author's review of all cases where tenants have invoked their right to respect for their home pursuant to Article 8 of the ECHR demonstrates that the tenancy courts appear to be challenged by tenants’ right to respect for home as a human right. The challanges the courts face are both conceptual and methodological.

There are potentially two parallel concepts of ‘home’ in Swedish law, if one would accept the convention based concept as also being a Swedish one. The protection of the tenant’s ‘home’ in landlord and tenant law precedes the protection of the home under Article 8 of the ECHR. The conceptualizing of ‘home’ in Swedish landlord tenant law can be dated to Bergman’s writings in the beginning of the 1920s. Article 8(1) provides for the right to respect for one’s home. A tenant’s home is therefore protected under separate rights to home in Sweden. A tenant that is at risk of losing one’s home may therefore base his/her case on either of these grounds. This article provides a conceptual springboard for which the concepts can be understood – both within the scope of the Land Code and Article 8 of the ECHR.

The Swedish rent control system is regularly referred to as being unique in international comparative studies. This paper introduces a legal study of the rent setting regulations. The paper was drafted for an academic seminar where the PhD Candidate presented her approach to the subject. The rules that regulate prices on residential housing market are constructed as a system where a judicial review acts as a guardian of the rents' fairness. The system also has an impact on the market rent level, which is why the system is sometimes described as a rent control system. The paper is in Swedish.

Artikeln behandlar arbetsskadeförsäkringens gränser, vilket i grunden är en rättslig tolkningsfråga, och är en bearbetad version av en längre artikel i festskriften Bertil Bengtsson 90 år (Jure 2016). Som utgångspunkt för avgränsningen kan man inledningsvis ställa frågan varför vi har en arbetsskadeförsäkring? I huvuddrag kan försäkringens syfte sammanfattas i följande punkter:

– Produktionen ska bära kostnaderna i verksamheten.

– Arbetsgivaren leder och kontrollerar arbetet och uppbär vinsten av verksamheten och bör då även ansvara för skaderiskerna.

– Arbetstagaren har begränsad möjlighet att styra över arbetsriskerna.

– Arbetsförmågan är den enskildes främsta tillgång och bör som sådan försäkras.

– Den som arbetar och bidrar till samhällsekonomin förtjänar ett utökat skydd.– Arbetet innebär en ökad risk för skada.

– Försäkringen ger kunskaper om skaderiskerna i arbetet, vilka kan läggas till grund för förebyggande åtgärder och forskning.

– Via försäkringsskyddet uppfyller Sverige sina konventionsåtaganden på arbetsskadeområdet.

– Med ett försäkringsskydd minskar behovet av domstolsprocesser på grund av skador i arbetet.

I artikeln beskrivs utvecklingen av principalansvaret, dess funktion och ändamål och gränserna för ansvarsrelationen. Principalansvar gäller mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare men involverar även andra liknande situationer, vilka diskuteras i artikeln. De utomobligatoriska reglerna sätts även i relation till kontraktsrättsliga regler och anknytande regler i skadeståndslagen. 

Principalansvaret utvecklades i praxis redan under 1800-talet, men lagreglerades först genom införandet av skadeståndslagen (1972:207), SkL. Liksom skadeståndslagen fyller principalansvaret i sin nuvarande form alltså 50 år i år. Det var också det ansvarsområde som ägnades störst uppmärksamhet i förarbetena till lagen och regleringen är på många sätt präglad av de tankar som låg till grund för skadeståndsreformen.

Nedan kommer grunderna för principalansvaret och den relation som utlöser sådant ansvar att diskuteras, men inledningsvis ska fokus riktas mot festföremålet för denna skrift – vår skadeståndslag.

I augusti 2018 avgår Stefan Lindskog med pension från tjänsten som justitieråd och ordförande vid Högsta domstolen. För att hedra hans omfattande verksamhet som rättsvetenskapsman, domare och advokat har ett antal kollegor, vänner och elever beslutat att tillägna honom en festskrift. Inte minst mot bakgrund av Stefan Lindskogs synnerligen omfattande rättsvetenskapliga författarskap framstår det också som naturligt att hylla honom med en festskrift av ovanligt omfång.

Redaktionskommittén har bestått av justitieråden Johnny Herre, Svante O. Johansson, Lars Edlund samt före detta justitierådet Gertrud Lennander och professorn Jan Kleineman. Festskriften ges ut inom ramen för skrift­serien vid Stockholm Centre for Commercial Law (SCCL). Stefan Lindskog har allt sedan tillkomsten av SCCL ingått i dess styrelse.

Sweden as a state emerged during the Middle Ages out of the chaos of tumultuous battles between rival clans. Around 1000 AD the different clans seem to have united under the reign of one king and gradually common institutions and central offices developed as well as a class structure consisting of the commoners, the priesthood, the aristocracy and the King. A parliament, the Riksdag, consisting of representatives of the different classes was formed. The Riksdag elected the kings and made decisions regarding war and taxation.

Sweden was an elective monarchy until the Riksdag of 1544, when Sweden was declared a hereditary monarchy. Kings were normally elected by the aristocracy and were usually of royal or aristocratic descent. Swedish kings were normally not as powerful as their European counterparts, being dependent on negotiations with the aristocracy in particular but also with the commoners. There were some rare exceptions involving periods of absolutism during the 17th Century  

The dialectical relationship between taxation and the political balance of power in Sweden has therefore mostly been formed by negotiations and the power relations of different classes. Here the commoners and the aristocracy played an important part.    

The development of taxation and democracy in Sweden can be attributed to many factors. Sweden did not become a more full-blown democracy until 1921. The road towards democracy in Sweden was not marked by war or revolution but occurred gradually over long periods of time. Although Sweden was a highly militarized state from the 16th Century to the 20th Century, Sweden has not endured any civil wars or revolutions.

Taxation and democracy have been closely tied, since the right to political influence and later the right to vote was linked to the individual’s status as taxpayer. In order to fully grasp this evolution, there are certain periods that stand out in Swedish history rather than particular iconic events. These will be described briefly below. Principles and traditions of taxation in medieval Sweden paved the way for the Swedish Empire between 1611-1721, which in turn left its marks on the constitutions of the Age of Liberty between 1719-1772 and in the Constitution of 1809, which was in force until 1975.  

In this chapter the tax history of Sweden is analyzed from the point of view of the dialectical relationship between taxation and the policical balance of power.